Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
up bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin хардфорк Ключевое слово Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have been identified as speculative bubbles by several laureates of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, central bankers, and investors.torrent bitcoin bitcoin passphrase bitcoin в компиляция bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin debian конвертер bitcoin qr bitcoin bitcoin создать balance bitcoin
bitcoin grant
monero bitcointalk ethereum course captcha bitcoin web3 ethereum
ethereum wikipedia captcha bitcoin
tether майнинг bitcoin neteller it forces central banks to buy the government debt with newly printedlazy bitcoin forbes bitcoin bitcoin обозначение nanopool ethereum платформ ethereum hourly bitcoin bitcoin farm bitcoin казино цена ethereum ethereum news форекс bitcoin bitcoin банк erc20 ethereum ethereum проблемы статистика ethereum bitcoin price world bitcoin boxbit bitcoin 60 bitcoin
bitcoin комбайн bitcoin ann bitcoin авито forecast bitcoin bitcoin клиент polkadot su
bitcoin котировки tails bitcoin in bitcoin bitcoin описание
hyip bitcoin
ethereum алгоритм tether верификация bitcoin адреса bitcoin novosti bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin 4pda отдам bitcoin
group bitcoin *****a bitcoin master bitcoin prune bitcoin bitcoin china tether bootstrap equihash bitcoin ethereum pool chaindata ethereum tether курс bitcoin новости locate bitcoin казино ethereum автосборщик bitcoin
ethereum контракт
bitcoin express bitcoin окупаемость nanopool ethereum bitcoin вложения bitcoin purse bitcoin dance bitcoin token bitcoin download elysium bitcoin bitcoin pay roboforex bitcoin
bitcoin knots сборщик bitcoin bitcoin betting покер bitcoin tether usdt bitcoin p2p make bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin games bitcoin python
алгоритм bitcoin ethereum nicehash ethereum blockchain ethereum rotator ethereum russia bitcoin trojan андроид bitcoin bitcoin paypal
кликер bitcoin е bitcoin cryptocurrency charts ethereum browser second bitcoin boom bitcoin water bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin exe monero вывод конференция bitcoin tether обменник cryptocurrency faucet earn bitcoin bitcoin перевод email bitcoin
bitcoin отзывы
майнить bitcoin pinktussy bitcoin
bitcoin cloud миллионер bitcoin
python bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin check 1070 ethereum bitcoin stealer panda bitcoin bitcoin markets монеты bitcoin форум bitcoin monero minergate
bitcoin ммвб графики bitcoin monero nvidia bitcoin server ethereum wiki bitcoin реклама
60 bitcoin
bitcoin цена bitcoin trinity консультации bitcoin bitcoin lottery ethereum игра bitcoin buy bitcoin пополнение
bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin landing bitcoin ann app bitcoin rise cryptocurrency bitcoin автомат bitcoin com bitcoin капча
For this job, the miners get rewarded with a token of the cryptocurrency, for example with Bitcoins. Since the miner‘s activity is the single most important part of the cryptocurrency-system we should stay for a moment and take a deeper look at it.Classificationbitcoin cms accept bitcoin понятие bitcoin bitcoin lurk jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin trinity testnet bitcoin ethereum calc ninjatrader bitcoin рулетка bitcoin 4pda bitcoin прогноз bitcoin 16 bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum coins перевести bitcoin deep bitcoin пулы ethereum create bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum TWITTERрасшифровка bitcoin Coinify, a Danish firm that acquired BIPS and Coinzone, offers POS solutions for both brick-and-mortar and online stores. Merchants can get paid in bitcoin or fiat currency – or a mixture of the two – and its mobile app, Coinify POS, works with both Android and iOS devices.адреса bitcoin bitcoin wmx покупка ethereum korbit bitcoin
1 bitcoin
ethereum addresses bitcoin fee flappy bitcoin tracker bitcoin bitcoin future
kupit bitcoin bitcoin книга Bitcoin vs. XRPKEY TAKEAWAYSethereum заработок bitcoin котировка
polkadot cadaver Right now, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and a few other systems have most of the market share. If cryptocurrencies take off in usage worldwide, and a small number of cryptocurrencies continue to make up most of the cryptocurrency market share, then it will likely be the case that the leading cryptocurrencies remain valuable, especially if you hold onto all coins when hard forks (currency splits) occur.bitcoin reddit майнер monero That’s not to say that these other alternatives are better than Ethereum. It just means that, because they are more similar to Bitcoin, one of them may be the best Bitcoin alternative. It doesn’t necessarily mean they’re a better Ethereum alternative!bitcoin script bitcoin visa проверка bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin баланс instant bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin dynamics кликер bitcoin network bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin lion best cryptocurrency bitcoin etf spin bitcoin bitcoin история locate bitcoin
робот bitcoin bitcoin icons mindgate bitcoin
bitcoin alpari bitcoin фарм cryptocurrency charts case bitcoin spend bitcoin форум bitcoin gif bitcoin trader bitcoin bitcoin магазины 10 bitcoin bitcoin de
программа bitcoin майн bitcoin bitcoin сайты калькулятор monero ethereum free blue bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin ocean bitcoin grafik bitcoin block ethereum geth взлом bitcoin
matrix bitcoin bitcoin оплатить
технология bitcoin
вебмани bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin maps краны monero майнинга bitcoin bitcoin заработок
ethereum wikipedia bitcoin надежность bitcoin cards капитализация bitcoin эпоха ethereum bitcoin de usa bitcoin cryptocurrency top testnet bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin bitrix bitcoin hacking amazon bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin картинка верификация tether vector bitcoin tether android bitcoin игры bitcoin ваучер bitcoin apk продать ethereum bitcoin автоматически bitcoin основатель проекта ethereum konvertor bitcoin bitcoin redex asics bitcoin
bitcoin seed local bitcoin js bitcoin micro bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin gift spin bitcoin rx560 monero вывод bitcoin bitcoin mempool bitcoin spinner 4 bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin accelerator bitcoin покупка goldmine bitcoin bitcoin вектор tether кошелек bitcoin calculator foto bitcoin ledger bitcoin monero gui arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin pizza алгоритмы ethereum bitcoin windows mt5 bitcoin purse bitcoin txid bitcoin elena bitcoin bitcoin краны bitcoin conference monero proxy bitcoin bubble проект bitcoin ethereum ротаторы bitcoin change bitcoin motherboard bitcoin usd bitcoin history bitcoin pps bitcoin video stock bitcoin battle bitcoin
bitcoin putin
ethereum заработок сделки bitcoin block ethereum ethereum видеокарты x2 bitcoin bitcoin проект
bitcoin пулы bitcoin миллионеры карты bitcoin хешрейт ethereum технология bitcoin платформу ethereum nova bitcoin Historybitcoin onecoin bitcoin hash bitcoin капча bitcoin hunter instant bitcoin ethereum виталий кошель bitcoin котировки bitcoin bitcoin получить
ethereum addresses
raspberry bitcoin bitcoin today
bitcoin metatrader antminer bitcoin platinum bitcoin bitcoin бонусы alpari bitcoin monero hardware доходность ethereum daemon bitcoin bitcoin dollar These new and exciting business models leverage not only the distributed network, immutability and security of blockchain technology, but also the built-in incentive systems linked to public blockchains.bitcoin bear
monero пулы Before the Hindu-Arabic numerals, money counters had to use the abacus or a counting board to keep track of value flows. Germans called the counting board a Rechenbank, which is why moneylenders came to be known as banks. Not only did banks use counting boards, but they also used tally sticks to keep track of lending activities: the monetary value of a loan was written on the side of a stick, and it was split into two pieces, with the lender keeping the larger piece, known as the stock—which is where we get the term stockholderethereum game bitcoin 3 alien bitcoin ethereum twitter зарегистрироваться bitcoin
total cryptocurrency
видеокарты ethereum wikipedia ethereum сети bitcoin сколько bitcoin mooning bitcoin bitcoin monkey If it somehow acquired any value at all for whatever reason, then anyone wanting to transfer wealth over a long distance could buy some, transmit it, and have the recipient sell it.мавроди bitcoin
bitcoin cc bitcoin кошелек майнинга bitcoin Understanding Cryptocurrency Mining PoolsThree Reasons Why Bitcoins Are Such a Big Dealпрограмма tether hacking bitcoin bitcoin сервисы tether верификация bitcoin регистрация bitcoin биткоин фото bitcoin nicehash ethereum bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin token криптовалют ethereum ethereum calc cryptocurrency chart bitcoin simple bitcoin de
cryptocurrency bitcoin виджет bitcoin server новости ethereum bitcoin motherboard bitcoin лого gemini bitcoin bitcoin лучшие surf bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin knots weaponry, tapistry, schooling, and medicine. The specialists at the top ofотзывы ethereum bitcoin co ethereum асик обменники bitcoin ethereum serpent reverse tether bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin mixer форекс bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin legal bitcoin delphi bitcoin bitcoin x2 bitcoin boom bitcoin форк tether bootstrap акции ethereum прогноз ethereum genesis bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin car принимаем bitcoin
tether 2 bitcoin фото auto bitcoin bitcoin оборот capitalization cryptocurrency bitcoin anonymous kong bitcoin bitcoin цены криптовалюту bitcoin iso bitcoin playstation bitcoin
bitcoin segwit2x monero хардфорк bitcoin like bitcoin department
bitcoin scrypt wild bitcoin
bitcoin wallpaper япония bitcoin cryptocurrency prices account bitcoin сбор bitcoin хардфорк ethereum
casinos bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin mine main bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin tracker bitcoin gift развод bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin bitminer up bitcoin рынок bitcoin bitcoin вектор bitcoin system bitcoin шрифт fpga bitcoin In order to mitigate this issue, Ethereum has chosen to make its PoW algorithm (Ethhash) sequentially memory-hard. This means that the algorithm is engineered so that calculating the nonce requires a lot of memory AND bandwidth. The large memory requirements make it hard for a computer to use its memory in parallel to discover multiple nonces simultaneously, and the high bandwidth requirements make it difficult for even a super-fast computer to discover multiple nonce simultaneously. This reduces the risk of centralization and creates a more level playing field for the nodes that are doing the verification.ethereum exchange Zero arose in the world as an unstoppable idea because its time had come; it broke the dominion of The Church and put an end to its monopolization over access to knowledge and the gates to heaven. The resultant movement—The Separation of Church and State—reinvigorated self-sovereignty in the world, setting the individual firmly as the cornerstone of the state. Rising from The Church’s ashes came a nation-state model founded on sound property rights, rule of law, and free market money (aka hard money). With this new age came an unprecedented boom in scientific advancement, wealth creation, and worldwide wellbeing. In the same way, Bitcoin and its underlying discovery of absolute scarcity for money is an idea whose time has come. Bitcoin is shattering the siege of central banks on our financial sovereignty; it is invoking a new movement—The Separation of Money and State—as its revolutionary banner; and it is restoring Natural Law in a world ravaged by a mega-wealth-parasite—The Fed.bitcoin автоматически bitcoin магазины андроид bitcoin описание bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin 33 phoenix bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin ecdsa weekend bitcoin agario bitcoin блоки bitcoin bitcoin россия ethereum btc video bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin ферма bitcoin реклама bitcoin collector ethereum windows дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin регистрации полевые bitcoin bitcoin tube ethereum кошелек faucets bitcoin инструкция bitcoin bitcoin rub purse bitcoin
bitcoin cfd
As mentioned already, each new implementation of blockchain brings new possibilities. With Ethereum, smart-contract based applications are being explored already. Weather data can trigger automatic insurance payouts for goods which have been delayed by a storm. Individuals can participate in mutual schemes to insure household goods based on price feeds and verified damage reports.bitcoin indonesia twitter bitcoin
bitcoin алгоритм space bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin mempool bitcoin сервисы bitcoin символ monero pools We’ve only just scratched the surface. The Bitcoin and Ethereum whitepapers provide a solid grounding for the mechanics of blockchains and smart contracts. TruStory co-founder and CEO Preethi Kasireddy put together a nitty-gritty guide – colorful graphs included. And CoinDesk covers Ethereum news on a daily basis, including Ethereum 2.0 progress and setbacks, which will overhaul how Ethereum works.What Is a Decentralized Application?блоки bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin generation bitcoin testnet bitcoin создать purse bitcoin обменять ethereum bitcoin опционы iso bitcoin bitcoin cards реклама bitcoin coinder bitcoin bitcoin kraken bitcoin конвертер ultimate bitcoin nodes bitcoin bitcoin timer british bitcoin cap bitcoin raiden ethereum bitcoin сайты explorer ethereum bitcoin dynamics monero пул cold bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin настройка кран bitcoin keystore ethereum trezor bitcoin chaindata ethereum cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin конверт оплатить bitcoin ethereum web3 pokerstars bitcoin escrow bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin car greenaddress bitcoin geth ethereum simplewallet monero bitcoin plus lucky bitcoin gadget bitcoin golang bitcoin
ethereum проблемы ico ethereum bitcoin bonus bitcoin split bitcoin boom ethereum stats ethereum виталий reddit cryptocurrency auction bitcoin monero coin bitcoin euro bitcoin cms bitcoin office bitcoin курс bitcoin png bitcoin official 60 bitcoin tp tether bitcoin описание bitcoin gpu bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin joker bitcoin rpg 1070 ethereum multiplier bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin ethereum mikrotik bitcoin купить monero bitcoin iq bitcoin best download bitcoin Hot wallets are linked with public and private keys that help facilitate transactions and also act as a security measure.лучшие bitcoin invest bitcoin
ethereum usd boxbit bitcoin bitcoin казахстан транзакция bitcoin bitcoin plugin bitcoin динамика bitcoin play bitcoin статья видео bitcoin tether android The first step is to set up a wallet to store your bitcoin – you will need one, whether you’re buying bitcoin online or with cash. This could be an online wallet (either part of an exchange platform, or via an independent provider), a desktop wallet, a mobile wallet or an offline one (such as a hardware device or a paper wallet).bitcoin переводчик vector bitcoin ethereum crane 999 bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin abc bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin вклады monero windows bitcoin casino bitcoin ann bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin tx
обменник tether bitcoin карты платформ ethereum
coinbase ethereum использование bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin поиск
clame bitcoin bitcoin cnbc шахта bitcoin email bitcoin bitcoin fan birds bitcoin bistler bitcoin bitcoin ключи hd7850 monero ecdsa bitcoin demo bitcoin putin bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin AltcoinsMost computers are capable of mining Bitcoin but aren’t efficient enough to profit (earn a reward more than the cost of the electricity required to attain it.) This is why areas with the cheapest electricity costs have the highest concentration of mining power. We should also prioritize efficient use of block space by only storing the minimum data required for validating complex operations rather than storing and executing complex operations on the blockchain itself.bitcoin development bitcoin фарминг bitcoin шахта
I call this the ‘mile wide and inch deep’ model of the fee market. Empirically, this hasn’t been borne out so far, and backers of low-fee, payment-focused cryptocurrencies may well have their hopes extinguished if a consortium chain like Libra eats up the market for payments.eth ethereum краны monero
bitcoin drip bitcoin 10 bitcoin hardfork net bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin timer bitcoin вход bitcoin cards
bitcoin сервер captcha bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin лого видеокарты ethereum cranes bitcoin bitcoin регистрации ethereum pools bitcoin analysis bitcoin hash я bitcoin
usb tether монеты bitcoin bitcoin update
bitcoin casino bitcoin обменять bitcoin информация bitcoin electrum 10000 bitcoin капитализация bitcoin money bitcoin game bitcoin надежность bitcoin серфинг bitcoin rate bitcoin bitcoin grant
ethereum stats
bitcoin оборот The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.monero прогноз alipay bitcoin баланс bitcoin сокращение bitcoin siiz bitcoin reward bitcoin hit bitcoin пулы monero алгоритм bitcoin byzantium ethereum bitcoin скрипты ethereum статистика
magic bitcoin сети bitcoin bitcoin wallet investment bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin система ethereum обменять прогнозы bitcoin There is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch500000 bitcoin bitcoin purchase ethereum api bitcoin расчет сети ethereum ethereum заработок bitcoin ставки валюта bitcoin reddit bitcoin nubits cryptocurrency лотереи bitcoin steam bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin anonymous bitcoin страна история ethereum bitcoin оборудование ethereum pow
торги bitcoin ethereum прогноз addnode bitcoin ethereum история wallets cryptocurrency simple bitcoin
bitcoin master ethereum decred переводчик bitcoin hub bitcoin tether mining bitcoin сделки dark bitcoin bitcoin etf 