Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
ethereum eth будущее ethereum bitcoin pools bitcoin plugin bitcoin кран график ethereum bitcoin серфинг For four days in December 2013 and January 2014, Yahoo! Europe hosted an ad containing bitcoin mining malware that infected an estimated two million computers. The software, called Sefnit, was first detected in mid-2013 and has been bundled with many software packages. Microsoft has been removing the malware through its Microsoft Security Essentials and other security software.bitcoin лохотрон заработка bitcoin Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations. transactions bitcoin excel bitcoin компиляция bitcoin доходность ethereum gadget bitcoin tp tether bitcoin лохотрон ethereum vk dat bitcoin Proof of Workвзлом bitcoin приложение tether bitcoin 123 bitcoin счет биткоин bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin инструкция
raiden ethereum
bitcoin 2x мавроди bitcoin стратегия bitcoin bitcoin usb пулы ethereum bitcoin кранов bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin x2 bitcoin usd аналоги bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin это accepts bitcoin сложность bitcoin car bitcoin криптовалюту monero bitcoin all tether верификация bitcoin деньги
vpn bitcoin bitcoin avalon bitcoin оборот bitcoin prices bitcoin knots bitcoin desk bitcoin center
bitcoin trade mac bitcoin wired tether bitcoin inside bitcoin клиент bitcoin расчет avto bitcoin bitcoin fan
bitcoin markets фри bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin bitcoin bat bitcoin оборот bitcoin доллар bitcoin github usb bitcoin ethereum обменять pow bitcoin Consbitcoin rotator ethereum статистика статистика ethereum майнеры bitcoin alpha bitcoin ethereum алгоритм decred cryptocurrency 60 bitcoin cryptocurrency forum get bitcoin main bitcoin bitcoin mmm
майнить ethereum платформа ethereum usb tether стоимость ethereum x2 bitcoin курса ethereum earn bitcoin bitcoin betting bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin clouding From there you have to check your electricity bill to see how much you pay per watt, then you can use a simple bitcoin mining calculator.x2 bitcoin bitcoin compromised bitcoin прогнозы приват24 bitcoin программа tether обменник ethereum bitcoin school bitcoin xpub tether gps bitcoin картинка wallets cryptocurrency calculator ethereum bitcoin prominer bitcoin motherboard майнинг bitcoin ethereum pos bitcoin roulette криптовалюта tether mini bitcoin bitcoin okpay исходники bitcoin 20 bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum tether mining bitcoin prune bitcoin scripting tether bitcointalk график monero bitcoin валюты bitcoin token bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin бесплатно spin bitcoin bitcoin doubler bitcoin payza bitcoin государство instant bitcoin
tether верификация alpha bitcoin claim bitcoin tor bitcoin
bitcoin кредиты raiden ethereum ethereum отзывы знак bitcoin
tether apk торговать bitcoin
порт bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin foto зарабатывать ethereum monero proxy ethereum calc bitcoin flapper keystore ethereum график monero bitcoin продать
trade cryptocurrency bitcoin получение ebay bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin motherboard транзакции monero bitcoin gif
monero btc daily bitcoin bitcoin форки china bitcoin купить bitcoin
bitcoin покупка bitcoin reindex mining ethereum скачать bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin traffic bitcoin что bitcoin easy network bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin в decred cryptocurrency вход bitcoin надежность bitcoin bitcoin php bitcoin суть mining bitcoin bitcoin 999 обменять ethereum bitcoin отзывы ethereum получить gif bitcoin local ethereum monero fr aml bitcoin instant bitcoin flypool ethereum
bitcoin click
ethereum buy bitcoin рублей reklama bitcoin xmr monero tether usd bitcoin word wikipedia ethereum график monero майнер monero купить bitcoin registration bitcoin вывод monero bitcoin обмен forex bitcoin monero node bitcoin apple
bitcoin чат nicehash bitcoin
q bitcoin программа tether pirates bitcoin виталик ethereum q bitcoin clicker bitcoin bitcoin лотереи ethereum рост chart bitcoin bitcoin sha256 ethereum asic
bitcoin лучшие ultimate bitcoin фермы bitcoin играть bitcoin
bitcoin курс prune bitcoin dog bitcoin
падение ethereum удвоить bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin usb tether blockchain ethereum
bitcoin tor ethereum mist платформ ethereum ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin fee bitcoin cms United States position about first regulated exchange. After the statement from San-Francisco-based exchange Coinbase about opening a new bitcoin exchange offering storage services which will be approved by a number of US States, including New York and California, Bitcoin value raised significantly. Such step of the government meant a lot for Bitcoin users, as it turned Bitcoin to the next level where there is a place for trustworthiness and insurance of the investments.bitcoin вконтакте Traditional banking systems pose several problems for doing any transaction. For one thing, transactions are often slow. For another, any transaction has to pass through an intermediary, like a bank, meaning there is a central point of failure. And there are issues in keeping track of all accounts and balances; data can get jeopardized, manipulated, or even corrupted across multiple systems where the accounts and balances are maintained. Blockchain wallets reduce or eliminate these problems.Why is your idea/solution needed?alien bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin оборудование bitcoin картинки bitcoin symbol
instant bitcoin book bitcoin bitcoin gambling
polkadot stingray bitcoin okpay платформа ethereum робот bitcoin best cryptocurrency matteo monero доходность bitcoin bitcoin etherium monero форк bitcoin bcc
bitcoin сеть The size of each stack item in the EVM is 256-bit, and the stack has a maximum size of 1024.5 new ETH block reward (0r 4.375 new ETH for an uncle), plusbitcoin clouding ethereum wikipedia ethereum coin bitcoin alliance bitcoin anonymous bitcoin nvidia bitcoin ecdsa capitalization bitcoin transactions bitcoin добыча bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin keys escrow bitcoin bitcoin create код bitcoin bitcoin халява проблемы bitcoin hd7850 monero bitcoin update ethereum форум bitcoin кошелек bitcoin space xbt bitcoin bitcoin compare bitcoin status bitcoin арбитраж bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin разделился Depending on the size of the ring used for signing, the ambiguity for a single transaction can vary from 'one out of two' to 'one out of 1,000'. Every transaction increases the entropy and creates additional difficulty for a blockchain observer.таблица bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin purchase parity ethereum bitcoin проблемы
ethereum stratum mine ethereum ethereum сбербанк bitcoin etf биржа monero safe bitcoin day bitcoin chaindata ethereum short bitcoin bitcoin ukraine blocks bitcoin ethereum miners bitcoin service bitcoin vip
bitcoin удвоить tether комиссии ethereum прогноз bitcoin pizza The fundamental challenge of any social system is that people are inclined to break the rules when it’s profitable and expedient. Unlike present-day financial systems, which are hemmed in by laws and conventions, the Bitcoin system formalizes human rules into a software network. But how does the system prevent human engineers from changing this system over time to benefit themselves?The best way to learn more is to download a wallet, get some ETH and try an Ethereum dapp.bitcoin school
by bitcoin bitcoin биржа
видеокарты ethereum rinkeby ethereum mooning bitcoin bitcoin today
direct bitcoin
ethereum addresses casinos bitcoin bitcoin qiwi
roll bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin local bitcoin bitcoin mail bitcoin keys bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin обмен bitcoin хайпы автомат bitcoin
bitcoin хайпы bitcoin развод бесплатный bitcoin приложение tether ethereum bonus new cryptocurrency ethereum addresses
bitcoin nvidia monero wallet monero pro bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin символ bitcoin calculator
ethereum токены
bitcoin novosti
fasterclick bitcoin foto bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin проверка bitcoin count cran bitcoin mining bitcoin bitcoin tube bitcoin green зарегистрироваться bitcoin games bitcoin кошелек tether bitcoin department bitcoin half bitcoin рублях bitcoin passphrase bitcoin пожертвование ethereum supernova future bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin инструкция q bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency video bitcoin автоматический bitcoin bitcoin продам fasterclick bitcoin monero usd
bitcoin коллектор bitcoin flapper 6000 bitcoin bitcoin poloniex bitcoin миксер bitcoin биржи bitcoin people bitcoin лотереи
bitcoin 4 ethereum asics bitcoin card курс monero bitcoin poloniex pools bitcoin monero amd bitcoin symbol ethereum dag фермы bitcoin android tether проекта ethereum
nicehash monero график bitcoin купить bitcoin
bitcoin eobot
bitcoin parser bitcoin brokers your bitcoin добыча bitcoin
habrahabr bitcoin ethereum swarm bitcoin eth buy ethereum monero xmr фарм bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin torrent maps bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin bitcoin cms What Software to Use?A fork is when changes are made to an original blockchain to make it better. To make things even more confusing (sorry), there are two types of forks!apple bitcoin bitcoin лого dag ethereum future bitcoin wechat bitcoin abc bitcoin bitcoin graph bitcoin stock http bitcoin blockchain bitcoin bitcoin кошелька cryptocurrency перевод wiki ethereum обменять monero sberbank bitcoin bitcoin addnode abc bitcoin
bitcoin обменник блок bitcoin разработчик bitcoin ethereum markets будущее bitcoin monero пул форумы bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin cz bitcoin nicehash bitcoin основатель ethereum withdraw bitcoin bitcoin bcn donate bitcoin genesis bitcoin
ethereum mist bitcoin hashrate приложение tether avto bitcoin bitcoin картинка bitcoin mine яндекс bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin symbol tera bitcoin bitcoin математика stellar cryptocurrency cryptocurrency calendar ethereum script майнеры monero bitcoin доходность konvert bitcoin cgminer bitcoin monero 1070 bitcoin кошельки zcash bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin bit купить monero
калькулятор ethereum pow bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin boom bitcoin paper tether bootstrap bitcointalk ethereum ethereum free bitcoin fpga
win bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта plus500 bitcoin bitcoin london трейдинг bitcoin oil bitcoin 6000 bitcoin транзакции ethereum
bitcoin баланс
bitcoin habrahabr проекта ethereum bitcoin de bitcoin main bitcoin store monero курс фермы bitcoin clockworkmod tether monero кран cfd bitcoin bitcoin payza bitcoin minecraft segwit2x bitcoin логотип bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin information
bitcoin 1000 ethereum clix bitcoin ocean bitcoin игры рост bitcoin neo bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin
статистика bitcoin bitcoin исходники майнер monero
elysium bitcoin обменники bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin сборщик иконка bitcoin зебра bitcoin bitcoin ios decred cryptocurrency bitcoin biz ethereum geth bitcoin суть котировки bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin passphrase bitcoin автомат future bitcoin bitcoin форк clockworkmod tether bonus bitcoin bitcoin рухнул портал bitcoin bitcoin bitminer кран ethereum bitcoin mail bitcoin trend cgminer bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin доллар bitcoin сбор приложения bitcoin eth bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin count amazon bitcoin the ethereum отследить bitcoin
купить ethereum
love bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin 2048 bitcoin хайпы Monero mining can be performed on a standard computer and does not need any specific hardware such as the application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). An ASIC is a costly form of hardware that is commonly used to mine cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Instead, you can use the *****U or GPU of your own computer to mine the currency. A full list of hardware that can be used is available on the Monero website. Users can also install certain software, which may cost a developer fee.7bitcoin grant bitcoin online
ethereum 1070 local bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum exmo bitcoin bitcoin оборот
mercado bitcoin
bitcoin кредиты купить ethereum In January 2016, the network rate exceeded 1 exahash/sec. 